A Study On Diabetes Mellitus - 1219 Words

An Electrophysiological Study on Brainstem in Type-2 DM Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a generalized, chronic metabolic disorder manifesting itself, in its fully developed form, by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, increased protein breakdown, ketosis and acidosis. If the disease is prolonged, it is usually complicated by degenerative disease of the blood vessels, the retina, the kidneys and the nervous system1. T2DM is the predominant form of diabetes worldwide, accounting for 90% cases globally. Globally, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise from the current estimate of 285 million in 2010 to 438 million in 2030, both figures substantially higher than even recent estimates.T2DM has become one of†¦show more content†¦Nonenzymatic glycisilation is the process by which glucose attaches to proteins without the action of any enzymes. The initial products that form over hours to days is a Schiff base or an Amadori product, during which the process is reversible4. Intracellular hyperglycemia activates the enzyme aldose reductase. This increases the formation of sorbitol in cells, which in turn reduces cellular Na, K ATPase. In addition, intracellular glucose can be converted to so - called Amadori products, and these in turn can form advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), which cross- link matrix proteins. This damages blood vessels. The AGEs also interfere with le ukocyte responses to infection5. A minor hemoglobin derivative called HbA1C is produced by glycation, the covalent binding of glucose to hemoglobin6. Glycosilated hemoglobin testing provides an index of average blood glucose levels over the prior two to three months. It has been established that improved glycemic control is associated with preventing or delaying the progression of micro vascular complications in diabetes7.long- term blood glucose regulation can be followed by measurement of glycosilated hemoglobin8. Glycated hemoglobin provides an accurate and objective measure of glycemic control over a period of weeks to months. The rate of formation of HbA1C is directly proportional to the ambient blood glucose concentration; a rise of 1% in HbA1c corresponds to an approximate